![]() ![]() Azakie A, McElhinney DB, Messina LM, Stoney RJ. The developing human: clinical oriented embryology. Anomalies of the subclavian artery and superior vena cava: Aberrant right subclavian artery and double superior vena cavae. Racial variations in the arrangement of the branches arising from the aortic arch. Aortic arch branch variations-case report and arteriographic analysis. Satyapal KS, Singaram S, Partab P, Kalideen JM, Robbs JV. Variations in aortic arch branch vessel anatomy as seen by aortography. Reppert MK, Lundgren EC, Dibos LA, Deshmukh N. Bovine aortic arch variant in humans: clarification of a common misnomer. Layton KF, Kallmes DF, Cloft HJ, Lindell EP, Cox VS. Variations in the anatomical organization of the human aortic arch. Grande NR, Costa e Silva A, Pereira AS, Aguas AP. In: Deutsch L, Cronenwett JL, Krupski WC, Gloviczki P, Ouriel K, Jonhston KW, et al., editors. Anatomy and angiographic diagnosis of extracranial and intracranial vascular disease. ![]() Vertebral artery injury in cervical spine surgery. Anatomical variations in the branches of the human aortic arch: a recent study of a South Australian population. Anatomical variations in the branches of the human aortic arch in 633 angiographies: clinical significance and literature review. Natsis KI, Tsitouridis IA, Didagelos MV, Fillipidis AA, Vlasis KG, Tsikaras PD. Unusual aortic arch variation: distal origin of common carotid arteries. Anatomical organization of aortic arch variations in the India: embryological basis and review. Nayak SR, Pai MM, Prabhu LV, D’Costa S, Shetty P. 1, 2, 4 More than 20 different aortic arch configurations have been described, but those specifically described previously are by far the most commonly encountered.1. Both variants of left common carotid artery origin have been called in various textbooks and medical articles a “bovine-type arch,” though this term is most commonly ascribed to the common trunk variety. 1- 4 A similar but less common variant occurs when the left common carotid artery originates directly from the innominate artery rather than as a common trunk ( Fig 3). This variant is most often termed a “bovine aortic arch” ( Fig 2). Rather than arising directly from the aortic arch as a separate branch, the left common carotid artery origin is moved to the right and merges with the origin of the innominate artery. 3 The second most common variant of aortic arch branching occurs when the left common carotid artery has a common origin with the innominate artery. ![]() The final configuration of the aortic arch and its branches is probably related to different growth rates in the various arteries and the associated “migration” and “merging” of the branches. The second branch in the most common pattern is the left common carotid artery, and the last branch is the left subclavian artery. The first branch is the innominate artery, which branches into the right subclavian artery and the right common carotid artery. The most common aortic arch branching pattern in humans consists of 3 great vessels originating from the arch of the aorta ( Fig 1). We describe the specific anatomic appearance of human and bovine aortic arch branching patterns and propose a simple nomenclature scheme that should supplant the use of the term “bovine aortic arch” in humans. However, the bovine aortic arch configuration ascribed to the most common human aortic arch variants bears no resemblance to the aortic arch branching pattern found in cattle. By its name, the bovine aortic arch in humans would presumably resemble the aortic arch branching pattern found in the family of ruminant animals, including cattle and buffalo. 1, 2 This term refers to a common anatomic configuration of the aortic arch. One of the most widely used misnomers in the medical literature is that of the “bovine aortic arch” in humans. We describe the most common human aortic arch branching patterns and compare these with the bovine aortic arch. This so-called bovine aortic arch has no resemblance to the bovine aortic arch. ![]() SUMMARY: The term “bovine arch” is widely used to describe a common anatomic variant of the human aortic arch branching. ![]()
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